APPENDIX A
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY MILESTONES
- 1911
- Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers
superconductivity in mercury at temperature of 4 K.
- 1913
- Kamerlingh Onnes is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for
his
research on the properties of matter at low
temperature.
- 1933
- W. Meissner and R. Ochsenfeld discover the Meissner Effect.
- 1941
- Scientists report superconductivity in niobium nitride at 16 K.
- 1953
- Vanadium-3 silicon found to superconduct at 17.5 K.
- 1962
- Westinghouse scientists develop the first commercial niobium-
titanium superconducting wire.
- 1972
- John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer win the
Nobel Prize in Physics for the first successful theory of
how superconductivity works.
- 1986
- IBM researchers Alex Müller and Georg Bednorz make a
ceramic compound of lanthanum, barium, copper, and
oxygen that superconducts at 35 K.
- 1987
- Scientific groups at the University of Houston and the
University of Alabama at Huntsville substitute yttrium for
lanthanum and make a ceramic that superconducts at 92
K, bringing superconductivity into the liquid nitrogen
range.
- 1988
- Allen Hermann of the University of Arkansas makes a
superconducting ceramic containing calcium and thallium
that superconducts at 120 K. Soon after, IBM and AT&T
Bell Labs scientists produce a ceramic that
superconducts at 125 K.
- 1993
- A. Schilling, M. Cantoni, J. D. Guo, and H. R. Ott from
Zurich, Switzerland, produces a superconductor from
mercury, barium and copper, (HgBa
CaCu
O
) with
maximum transition temperature of 133K.
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